Here are some examples of residual chlorine removal using our filter media.
At this site, in order to use the groundwater in Osaka Prefecture as water supply, iron　and manganese that have exceeded the tap water quality standards are treated. Looking at the entire water purification facility, at this site, iron　and manganese are removed by the iron removal　and manganese removal tower,　and then the treated water is filtered by the RO membrane. The RO membrane installed at this site aims to reduce the evaporation residue contained in the raw water.
However, since general RO membranes are vulnerable to residual chlorine, it is necessary to remove the residual chlorine in advance. Generally, residual chlorine is removed in advance by injecting a reducing agent such as sodium thiosulfate　or filtering with activated carbon. At this site, residual chlorine is decomposed　and removed with activated carbon after the iron　and manganese removal towers are treated.

Raw water quality

item	unit	Raw water	Iron removal Manganese tower treated water	Tap water standard
Water species	–	Groundwater	–	–
place	–	Osaka prefecture	–	–
pH	–	7.3	7.3	5.8～8.6
iron	mg/L	0.55	Less than 0.1	0.3　or less
manganese	mg/L	0.25	Less than 0.02	0.05　or less
Turbidity	degree	0.3	0.1	2　or less
Saturation	degree	4	2	5以下
Free residual chlorine	mg/L	0	0.8	none
Evaporation residue	mg/L	600	605	500　or less

Iron　and manganese contained in the raw water are removed by filtering with the iron removal　and manganese removal tower, but since sodium hypochlorite was injected to remove these, free residual chlorine was 0.8 in the treated water. mg / L was seen. This residual chlorine is removed with activated carbon. When removing residual chlorine, the surface of activated carbon is easily oxidized　and becomes brittle, so in general, strong coconut shell activated carbon is often used.

Generally, the filtration rate for removing residual chlorine with activated carbon is SV20h^-1-1　or less.
The mechanism of removal of residual chlorine by activated carbon is a reaction in which residual chlorine uses activated carbon as a catalyst to decompose hypochlorite ions　and hypochlorous acid. Therefore, if the residual chlorine in the raw water is too high　or the filtration rate is too fast, the reaction will not proceed sufficiently　and free residual chlorine may flow out into the treated water.
In addition, if residual chlorine exceeding 2 mg / L is removed, the residual chlorine significantly oxidizes the activated carbon, weakening the strength of the activated carbon　and causing the crushed activated carbon powder to flow out into the treated water. Therefore, when residual chlorine exceeding 1 mg / L is removed, a phenomenon called “ashing” occurs,　and an incinerated substance is generated on the surface, making it impossible to remove the residual chlorine,　or a phenomenon of discharging adsorbed components occurs. I will. The concentration of residual chlorine at the entrance of the activated carbon tower must be well controlled.

item	Activated carbon tower
Filter	φ2300mm×SH2440mm
Filtration material filling amount (per tower)	Activated carbon (TA-30N): 1400mm
Filtration rate	LV8.7m/h
Backwash process	Backwash: LV 25m / h x 10min Stand still: 3 minutes Filtered drainage: LVm / h x 10min
Backwash frequency	Once a day

As a result of delivering the activated carbon tower as described above, we were able to completely remove residual chlorine as shown in the table below　and in the photo.

item	unit	Filtration tower entrance	Filtration tower outlet
pH	–	7.2	7.5
Free residual chlorine	mg/L	0.8	0